Stepper Motor

Also known as: Stepper, Step Motor

intermediate Hardware

Precise motors that move in exact increments, used for all axes and extrusion.

Stepper motors are the motors that drive all movement in an FDM printer. They rotate in precise “steps,” allowing accurate positioning without feedback sensors.

Common Types

  • NEMA 17 - Standard for most printers
  • NEMA 14 - Smaller, used for extruders
  • NEMA 23 - Larger, industrial printers

Typical Uses

  • X axis movement
  • Y axis movement
  • Z axis movement
  • Extruder filament feeding

Specifications

  • Steps per revolution: 200 (1.8°) typical
  • Holding torque: Force when stationary
  • Current rating: Power requirement

Stepper Drivers

Stepper motors need driver chips:

  • A4988 - Basic, loud
  • TMC2209 - Quiet, advanced
  • TMC2225 - Very quiet

Problems

  • Skipped steps - Motor overloaded
  • Overheating - Current too high
  • Noise - Poor drivers or tuning