Stepper Motor
Also known as: Stepper, Step Motor
Precise motors that move in exact increments, used for all axes and extrusion.
Stepper motors are the motors that drive all movement in an FDM printer. They rotate in precise “steps,” allowing accurate positioning without feedback sensors.
Common Types
- NEMA 17 - Standard for most printers
- NEMA 14 - Smaller, used for extruders
- NEMA 23 - Larger, industrial printers
Typical Uses
- X axis movement
- Y axis movement
- Z axis movement
- Extruder filament feeding
Specifications
- Steps per revolution: 200 (1.8°) typical
- Holding torque: Force when stationary
- Current rating: Power requirement
Stepper Drivers
Stepper motors need driver chips:
- A4988 - Basic, loud
- TMC2209 - Quiet, advanced
- TMC2225 - Very quiet
Problems
- Skipped steps - Motor overloaded
- Overheating - Current too high
- Noise - Poor drivers or tuning